By: Mahima Bheemaiah
What is an IPO?
Most companies that kick off their business starts with a limited source of capital and resources, but soon these companies over a period of time grow into a sustainable business and will need more capital to expand and to grow their business. These funds can be raised through private placements and by also taking loans but when a company needs much more money for its business then it issues securities to the general public. This raising of fresh funds through the public is done through the primary market. Funds are raised through retail investors, qualified institutional buyers and non-institutional investors. The primary market is nothing but a capital market where a company issues securities to the general public for the first time and which is not previously traded in the stock exchanges. Securities are directly issued to the investors through the company. The primary market is also known as the New Issue Market (NIM). The secondary market is where the trading of the stock takes place and keeps varying from time to time. The initial raising of capital is done through the stock market where the general public is allotted shares of that respective company. This process of initially raising capital is known as “Initial Public Offering”.
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Initial Public Offerings or in its abbreviated form called ‘IPO’ raises funds by listing a company in the stock market exchange and by selling securities to the people who have been allotted their respective shares. Only a limited number of shares are available and are allotted in a random process without any bias. Securities could be shares, stock, debentures, bonds etc., but in an IPO it is only the selling of shares to the public. Only a public company is allowed to raise funds through the stock market and a private company cannot do so. IPO raises funds by a company to fulfil its long term goals.
IPO is a fundamental aspect of Capital Markets. It is the very first step for a public company to grow its funds for the development of a company. A company raises capital for the growth of the business, for new investments, to expand their business, to reimburse their debt, for research and development, to acquire any company for strategic planning etc. It can also help in expanding their brand name which provides companies with a huge amount of publicity which may help in securing better terms in lenders. In terms of the economy, when a large number of IPOs are issued, it is a sign of a healthy stock market and economy.
In an IPO the relationship is directly between a shareholder and the company. A shareholder carries the risk factor associated with the shares of the company. A shareholder becomes the owner of a company when he acquires the shares of the company, hence the risk factor which comes with it. If a company performs well in a financial year, these shareholders will also get dividends or bonus shares according to the number of shares they hold in that company. Along with it if there is an increase in demand for the shares of that particular company then the profits of the capital returns will also add to the advantage of the shareholders. A company is liable to its shareholders and must disclose requirements such as filing quarterly and annual financial reports. The money that flows into a company from its investors is known as the ‘Share Capital’ of a company. IPO is the largest source of funds to raise capital for a company.
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While IPO seems like an easy option for a company to raise the capital it does have its share of ups and downs. A company cannot raise capital as and when it wants to. Filing an IPO comes with huge costs and resources. If a company is not well-advised by its financial advisors the company could flop in the open market and might lose out financially. Advantages of going public could be for 1) Easier raising of funds 2) Exit for existing investors 3) Liquidity 4) Increased trust of shareholders 5) Possibilities of takeovers 6) Employee motivation through ESOPs 7) Enhanced visibility and 8) Cost-effective way of raising funds compared to bank loans. Some of the disadvantages of going public can be 1) Loss of Autonomous control over the company and 2) Increase of Compliance Requirements.
What is the process of an IPO?
An IPO process in India typically takes at least seven to nine months. However, the timeline may vary depending on the transaction involved, compliance with the law, preparation of financial statements, receipt of all necessary regulatory approvals and other market conditions. The first step while applying for an IPO is to recruit merchant bankers. He is responsible for making sure the company follows the rules and regulations which goes from application till the listing date. The merchant banker and the company go and apply to the SEBI with their registration application which talks about the health of the company. After this process, the SEBI needs to give their approval for the listing of the company. Once the nod from SEBI is acquired then the company needs to draft a prospectus and this prospectus needs to be filed with SEBI at least after 30 days, it needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) and with the stock exchanges. If it’s a red herring prospectus then it needs to be filed at least 3 days before the ROC before listing takes place. Once the prospectus is issued which contains information about the company which talks about what the company has done so far, its management, the goals it wants to achieve, the risks associated with the shares of the company etc. This is followed by an IPO roadshow or simple marketing of the company, this could be advertising on TV, radio, newspaper etc., so that the general public comes to know about it. Further, the company needs to fix the price range to the shares, this process is known as the book-building process. SEBI guidelines define Book Building as “a process is undertaken by which a demand for the securities proposed to be issued by a body corporate is elicited and built-up and the price for such securities is assessed for the determination of the quantum of such securities to be issued employing a notice, circular, advertisement, document or information memoranda or offer document”.2 In this process bids are placed by the investors which could be above or below the floor price, and once the bidding ends a final offer price is fixed. And lastly, the listing day is when the company gets listed on a stock market exchange and according to the demand and supply of the market participants, the share price may be premium or discount.
Legal Framework over IPO
A company while filling for IPO is mainly regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) addition with it, it is also regulated by Securities Contract (Regulations) Act, 1956, Securities Contract (Regulations) Rules, 1957 and Companies Act, 2013. The SEBI ICDR (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirement), Regulations 2018 deals with all aspects of the IPO. This Act provides detailed provisions governing an IPO. They provide detailed provisions related to disclosure requirements, opening and closure of issuance, publicity guidelines etc. The other Act is the SEBI LODR (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 deals with disclosing details of a company when a company is going to list itself in the stock exchange. The Listing Regulations cover principles, common obligations and continuing disclosure requirements for all entities that have already been listed on any of the stock exchanges in the country.
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IPO during Covid Outbreak
December 2019 saw the rise of a new virus called Covid-19. This outbreak disrupted the entire world. Everything came to a standstill when restrictions were imposed due to Covid. There was uncertainty everywhere around the world. When the lockdown was imposed in March of 2020 nobody expected that it would prolong around for months together and would still be looming around in the environment even today. Many sectors were affected by the impact of the Covid such as the manufacturing sector, agricultural sector, service sector and the list goes on and on.
The market was low during this period and took time to recover from the sudden crash in the market. The next few month’s companies were not listing themselves and IPO’s in India which was already staggering due to prolonged slowdown and also due to threat to financial stability only saw 146 IPO’s in the fiscal year of 2019-2020 which was little higher than the previous year. The past 3 years saw a downfall of IPO with the least in a year being 116 IPO’s. The start of 2020 saw the listing of 50 IPO’s, but after the lockdown was imposed the markets were very low. The next four months of FY2020 saw only 19 companies get listed in the stock exchanges, which was a 62% downfall compared to the previous fiscal year.
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The second half of the year saw a rise in IPO’s even though there was still a rise in Covid cases. A few of the company’s IPO was even oversubscribed. This was due to excess liquidity, positivity in the markets and positive sentiments that has resulted in even companies which were impacted by Covid-19 raising funds. There was also a rise in retail investors during this period it was reported by Zerodha that about 250,000 accounts were opened during the month of April 2020 alone which took them about 6 years since the inception of their company to gain their first 100,000 investors. Many young investors have joined the market during this period due to increased awareness and also due to a lot of social media platforms have been promoting and teaching how to trade in the market during the pandemic. The increase in user growth can also be attributed to the easy access to these platforms. Not only in India, but even the global markets saw a rise in IPO. One of the keys to raising in IPO’s is due to sectorial resilience that is a lot of pharmaceuticals, medical and biotech industries and chemical as well as technology sector were welcomed in the second part of 2020 with companies like Chemcon Specialty Chemicals Ltd., Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders and Happiest Minds Technologies Ltd was the most-subscribed IPO’s in 2020.
IPO post-Covid
Post-2020, there was a rise in IPO’s in the country. Not only was there a raise but there was stellar growth in IPO as compared to the previous few years. With the second wave still creating panic amongst the public, there seemed like no stop for IPO’s being listed in the stock exchanges.
In 2021 alone, 63 companies collectively raised 1.2 lakh crore through Initial Public Offerings-the highest amount raised in a single calendar year. December was the busiest month for IPO with 11 companies offering their securities through the primary market. Anuj Kapoor, head of investment banking at UBS India, told Bloomberg News that companies will raise twice the money in comparison to last year.5 Many companies have opted for IPOs since the end of 2020, primarily due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on business and exuberant stock market activity. Due to the high number of first-time retail investors and huge foreign influx investors as well as due to excellent performance seen in the market a high number of companies issued securities through IPO. Some of the companies that excelled in the market are Nazara Technologies, Sona BLW Precision, FSN E-Commerce Ventures, and Tatva Chintan Pharma Company etc. Even though the Covid pandemic continues to wreak havoc on India’s economy, the domestic market still remains very optimistic, hence giving confidence to the issuer.
Most of these companies are raising capital due to losses suffered due to the pandemic as well as expanding business due to an increase in demand. Also high retail investors coupled with liquidity makes it a perfect platform for companies to use this space now for companies to go public. However, heading into 2022 the markets can still be volatile with omicron cases spreading and due to high inflation further raising and it could be that central banks may raise interest rates which could curb liquidity. Still, it is expected that IPO’S in 2022 might be vibrant and robust just like in the year 2021.
Regulation Changes by SEBI to IPO’s
2021 ended with a bang for IPO’s in the country. It was a stellar year with 63 companies listed in the stock exchanges. A lot of new-age companies listed their securities in the market with companies such as Zomato, Paytm etc., introducing themselves in the primary markets. SEBI has come up with new regulations to curb the listing of companies.
To enhance the growth and development of public markets as well as to keep transparency and to remove ambiguity before going public and also keeping in mind the best interests of retail investors, SEBI has made amendments to an already existing volatile market.
SEBI has introduced a maximum cap limit of 35% to use from the equity-issuance proceeding (25% towards unidentified acquisition) for acquisition where there was no regulation before the amendment.6 SEBI is of the view that raising funds for unidentified acquisitions leads to ambiguity in IPO objectives. Limits are also imposed on the existing investors of the company to sell their shares through OFS (Offer for Shares). The purpose of doing this is to instil confidence in the investors and can also let pre-IPO investors look for an alternate form of selling their shares.
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From 1st April 2022, half the anchor investors should have a lock-in period of 90 days from the previous existing 30 days. While the remaining half will go through a 30 day lock-in period. This is done with the intention to make investors stay invested for a longer period and to provide confidence to the other investors. SEBI had proposed to introduce a minimum price band in all public issues, with the upper one at least 5% more than the floor price, so that the process will be more dynamic and flexible with the final price falling within or outside the scope of price band depending upon the demand.7 Regulations have also been done to preferential shares by relaxing pricing norms and lock-ins requirements for promoters, to make it easier for companies to raise funds.
Conclusions
India has become a global hotspot for IPOs. Global investors are also eyeing IPO’s in India. India has generated triple-digit annualised profit through IPO’s. IPO’s offer the biggest opportunity to raise funds for a company. Some IPO’s are a success and some can tank at the market. All of this depends upon the market sentiments. The LIC of India is coming out with the biggest IPO during the month of Feb/Mar 2022 with an issue size of Rs.1 lakh crores.
Some of these provisions which are done by SEBI are in the wake of frenzy number of IPO’s going public and due to high valuations in the markets. To keep a tab on companies and to curb their regulations these changes are placed so that the capital markets are not impacted in the long term. Hopefully, with these changes, the current year IPO’s does not get impacted due to these regulations.
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